Analysis of the Impact of Nano-Zinc, Nano-Iron, and Nano Manganese Fertilizers on Chickpea Under Rain-Fed Conditions

Abstract
Nanotechnology is increasingly utilized in various scientific fields, yet its application in agriculture remains underexplored. This study investigates the effects of micronutrient nano-fertilizers (nano-zinc, nano-iron, and nano-manganese) combined with different levels of sulfur fertilizers on chickpea. The results indicate that the treatment of 30 kg/ha sulfur with nano-chelated zinc (S3-Nano1) significantly enhances several growth parameters and seed yield.

Introduction
Chickpea is a vital legume crop, particularly in the Mediterranean region and Iran. Despite its importance, the role of micronutrients in chickpea production has not been thoroughly studied, leading to significant yield reductions.

Materials and Methods
The study was conducted as a split plot experiment with three sulfur fertilizer levels and three nano-chelated micronutrient fertilizers (Produce by Fanavar Sepher Parmis company). The experiment took place in the Takab district of Iran during the 2014-2015 growing season.

Results and Discussion
The TT biplot analysis revealed that S3-Nano1 treatment showed the best performance across multiple traits, including seed yield and growth parameters. The study concluded that the combination of high sulfur and nano-zinc fertilizers significantly enhances chickpea yield in rain-fed conditions..